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Abusers can be adults (male or female) and other young people, and are usually known to and trusted by the child and family. Abuse commonly occurs within a relationship of trust or responsibility and is an abuse of power or a breach of trust.

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The signs of child abuse aren't always obvious, and a child might not tell anyone what's happening to them. Children might be scared that the abuser will find out, and worried that the abuse will get worse. They might think that there’s no-one they can tell or that they won’t be believed. Sometimes, children don't even realise that what's happening is abuse. The effects of abuse may be short term or may last a long time - sometimes into adulthood. Helplines can be found at Statutory Contacts

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Signs of abuse can be physical, behavioural, or developmental. A cluster or pattern of signs is the most reliable indicator of abuse, these can be similar across all the four categories – Physical, Emotional, Neglect and Sexual Abuse. The pdf document in this module: Signs of Abuse gives a comprehensive description of the indicators of abuse.